Editor's Synopsis
A new NBER working paper by researchers at Harvard, Duke, and OpenAI analyzes billions of ChatGPT messages to reveal how people actually use the platform — and the findings challenge common assumptions. Contrary to popular belief, only 4.2% of messages involve coding, just 1.9% relate to relationships or personal reflection, and when people use ChatGPT for writing, two-thirds of the time they're editing or modifying their own text rather than generating content from scratch. The study shows ChatGPT functions more as an editor and thinking partner than a creative replacement.
The biggest surprise is that over 70% of messages are for non-work purposes, up from 53% a year prior. The top three use cases — practical guidance (29%), information seeking (24%), and writing assistance (24%) — account for nearly 80% of all interactions. Tutoring alone makes up roughly 10% of all messages. Demographically, the early gender gap has essentially closed, nearly half of messages come from users aged 18–25, and adoption is surging in low- and middle-income countries.
The research was conducted using a privacy-first approach: no human read actual messages, AI classifiers processed de-identified data in a secure "data clean room," and results were only returned for groups of 100+ users. The authors argue these findings have major implications for organizations (prioritize decision-support over automation), education (leverage AI for personalized learning while teaching critical evaluation skills), and policymakers (recognize AI's substantial value in unpaid "home production" and ensure equitable global access).